Site icon HG Tudor – Knowing The Narcissist – The World's No.1 Resource About Narcissism

Amber Heard – A Very Performing Narcissist

 

Amber Heard is famous in her own right, although many will know of her through her marriage to world famous actor Johnny Depp. Both have come to additional prominence as a consequence of subsequent divorce and allegation and counter allegation of abusive behaviour towards the other.

Accordingly, Ms Heard first goes under the Tudorscope. For the hard of understanding, this is not an article espousing the merits of Ms Heard or otherwise, this is a blog about narcissism and the behaviour of Ms Heard and Mr Depp is analysed in that context. It is therefore for the purposes of wider understanding and education and explaining what is happening. Don’t make the error of bandying around allegations of sexism, racism or any other -ism apart from narcissism. 

(Observations are contained in bold and italic)

Amber Laura Heard is an American actress and model. Born and raised in Texas, she made her film debut in a minor supporting role in the sports drama Friday Night Lights , followed by a series of other small roles in television and film. Her first leading role was in the horror film All the Boys Love Mandy Lane(2006).

Heard’s breakthrough came in 2008 with roles in the action film Never Back Down and in the Pineapple Express, which were both box office successes. The same year, she received the Breakthrough Award at Young Hollywood Awards. Heard continued her career with roles in films such as The Informers , The Stepfather , Zombieland , and The Joneses.

In 2011, she played the female lead opposite Johnny Depp in The Rum Diary; neither were critically nor commercially successful.

In 2017, Heard was also named a global spokesperson for the cosmetics giant L’Oréal Paris.

In addition to her acting career, Heard engages in activism for causes such as LGBTQ rights and domestic and sexual violence awareness. She is an American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) ambassador and has been named a Human Rights Champion for the Stand Up for Human Rights campaign by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.

So far, a successful actress and model who also engages in activism.

Amber Heard met her future husband Johnny Depp on the set of the 2011 movie The Rum Diary. Johnny Depp was said to be enamoured with his on-screen love interest and courted her. He showered her with gifts and went so far as to buy her a horse and name a beach on his private isle “Amber’s Cove” because he had noticed that it looked like the curvature of her hip when viewed on a map.

Despite his infatuation with his new girlfriend, Johnny’s inner circle of friends was less than impressed and warned him against marrying Amber. (Potential objectivity and ability to see red flags of problematic behaviour or over-protective of a friend who is focussed on his new romantic relationship rather than his friends.)

It was reported that Johnny fell out with his sister Christi, who had been a long-standing manager of his day-to-day affairs, over his relationship with Amber. (Potential objectivity and ability to see red flags of problematic behaviour or over-protective of a relative who is focussed on his new romantic relationship rather than his relative and business advisor.)

Several associates advised him not to get married to his girlfriend. (Potential objectivity and ability to see red flags of problematic behaviour or over-protective behaviour in respect of an associate who is focussed on his new romantic relationship rather than them.)

(One friend advising against the continuance of a relationship could be the result of jealousy towards the new arrival. More friends forming a similar view starts to create a pattern, but one must be mindful of cross-pollution as the ´threatened´friends bond together towards a “common enemy”. However, the reports of such early warning from numerous people in three distinct groups suggests that there were a number of prominent red flags at an early juncture, which were seen by people not entirely objective and removed, but certainly more removed than Depp from the relationship. It is common in narcissistic ensnarements for the primary victim not to notice certain behaviours or dismiss them/attribute them to something else (the effect of obscuring Emotional Thinking) whereas less involved individuals notice and pay heed to the warnings. The number of individuals and groups here supports the proposition that early problems were apparent.

Some of Depp´s friends later claimed that he had cut himself off from those looking out for him. (This may be the response of jealous friends, but again isolation caused by the narcissist (either directly or indirectly)  to ensure that third party influences do not threaten the control sought over the primary target is a common manipulation in the narcissistic dynamic, especially a romantic one).

Amber Heard and Johnny Depp got married on February 3rd, 2015 in a private civil ceremony without a prenuptial agreement.

A month later, Johnny was in Australia to shoot a movie and spoke with Amber about his intention to enter into a post-nuptial agreement, which caused her to fly into a rage.

(Action offends sense of entitlement, seeks to pin accountability, threatens control resulting in the ignition of fury hence the response of rage.)

In his latest declaration, Johnny described the incident as follows:

“While I was in Australia filming a movie approximately one month after I married Ms. Heard, on a day where my then-lawyer tried to discuss with Ms. Heard the need that she sign a post-nuptial agreement with me, she went berserk and began throwing bottles at me. The first bottle sailed past my head and missed, but then she threw a large glass vodka bottle. The bottle struck the marble countertop where my hand was resting and exploded. The projectile’s impact shattered the bone in my finger and entirely severed the tip of my finger … I had to have 3 surgeries to reconstruct my finger and contracted MRSA three times. I feared that I would lose my finger, my arm, and my life.” (Destruction of property and physical injury – rudimentary manipulations following the ignition of fury.)

He further mentioned that Amber put out a cigarette on his right cheek after having injured his finger with the second bottle before he was taken to the hospital. (Physical violence)

Depp returned to Australia a month later, on April 21st 2015 to finish shooting his movie.

In April 2015, Heard and Depp breached Australia’s biosecurity laws when they failed to declare their two Yorkshire terriers to the Australian Customs Service when they flew by private jet into Queensland, where he was working on Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales(Sense of entitlement, rejection of accountability.)

Heard pleaded guilty to falsifying quarantine documents, stating that she had made a mistake due to sleep deprivation. (Blameshifting)

She was placed on a $1,000 one-month good behaviour bond for producing a false document; Heard and Depp also released a video in which they apologised for their behaviour and urged people to adhere to the biosecurity laws.

Depp later revealed that the bungle around the customs paperwork was due to her having had a bitter falling out with a staffer she sacked just before the trip to Australia. (Revision of History, Contentious Relationship With Others) The criminal charges of illegally importing animals were dismissed and Heard avoided possible jail-time of up to ten years. She was instead placed on a one-month good behaviour bond.

In May 2016, Amber filed for divorce, stating “irreconcilable differences”, only 15 months after they got married. Less than a week later, she filed a domestic violence restraining order against Johnny, which was denied and only a temporary restraining order was granted. (The relationship between the two had ended and the commencement of divorce proceedings by Heard is a further act of manipulation designed to control Depp. Most divorces occur (not all) because a narcissist is involved, that is why the relationship ends and also is why most divorces are contentious and problematic. (see Why Is Divorce So Hard?) Seeking a restraining order is also an act of manipulation by seeking to assert control

Allegations of Domestic Violence

In the court documents filed as part of the divorce, Amber stated the following:

“During the entirety of our relationship, Johnny has been verbally and physically abusive to me” (Such an allegation may indeed be founded on evidence, however, where a narcissist is involved, such an allegation is either (1) A fallacy and projection where the narcissist uses the believed violence to assert control over the alleged (incorrect) perpetrator and garner control over third parties through seeking support and sympathy , or (2) founded on being the recipient of verbal and/or physical abuse when the victim has fought back because of the narcissists abuse of them. The narcissist then uses the “fightback” as a basis for Deflection from their own behaviour, to Blame Shift to the victim and Pity Play to others with regard to the apparent unprovoked verbal and/or physical violence that has been suffered. Whether Heard is the True Victim or is Playing the Victim stands to be assessed further.)

And further:

“I endured excessive emotional, verbal and physical abuse from Johnny, which has included angry, hostile, humiliating and threatening assaults to me whenever I questioned his authority or disagreed with him.”  (See points raised above.)

These statements soon spread around the world, accompanied with an image of Amber´s bruised face that was published as evidence of the physical abuse she endured.

Depp denied the allegations, stating that his ex-wife was attempting to secure a premature financial resolution by way of her abuse allegations.  (If this is correct, it is a common manipulation by a narcissist to make such allegations in order to assert control (1) over the True Victim (2) Deflect accountability (3) Garner support and sympathy from third parties (4) Preserve the Facade , and (5) Maximise the financial aspect. It is also worth pointing out that asserting an individual is doing this to secure a premature financial resolution may be the attempt to assert control (1) over a victim (2) deflect from accountability (3) preserve the facade (4) garner support and sympathy from third parties , and (5) preserve the threatened financial position as best as possible. Which way is it to be interpreted, against her, against him, against both? More evidence must be considered.)

He also said that when Amber showed herself to the world on the 24th of May 2016 with what looked to be a bruised face, she merely had it painted on. As proof, he submitted elevator footage from their home on that same day, showing Amber´s injury free face. She was chatting with friends in the elevator of the Eastern Columbia Building in Downtown Los Angeles where Johnny formerly owned a floor with five penthouses that was his and Ambers home, seemingly in a carefree and cheerful mood. (Such evidence tends to suggest that the allegations of abuse were at best mistaken and at worst manufactured. The manufacturing of such an allegation with accompanying manufactured behaviour, painting on the supposed injury, demonstrates an act of manipulation designed to assert control over the victim.

Late in August 2016, Amber and Johnny reached a 7 million divorce settlement and five months later, on January 13th in 2017, their divorce was finalized.

Abused? Me too!

In the wake of the allegations made against Harvey Weinstein and the subsequent rise of the #MeToo movement, Amber made several public appearances and held passionate speeches about “speaking out” and how “she will not be silenced” about the abuse she had to suffer at the hands of Johnny. She also wrote an article in the Washington Post, referring to herself as “a public figure representing domestic abuse” and complained about the backlash she received for speaking out:

“For months, I rarely left my apartment, and when I did, I was pursued by camera drones and photographers on foot, on motorcycles and in cars. […] Tabloid outlets had posted pictures of me (and) spun them in a negative light. I felt as though I was on trial in the court of public opinion.” (The “backlash” is perceived as a Threat To Control and therefore the narcissist must assert control over a variety of Tertiary Sources (strangers and acquaintances in the fuel matrix) with such a comment which is a Pity Play and Facade Management.)

She further desired to rally fellow females behind her, stating:

“I want to ensure that women who come forward to talk about violence receive more support […] We can work together to demand changes to laws and rules and social norms – to right the imbalances that have shaped our lives.” (Facade Management)

These lines, along with the statement that she considers herself a public figure representing domestic abuse, could be interpreted as the passionate rallying cries of a woman who stands up for what’s right at the cost of her own privacy,  her selfless sacrifice making her the Joan of Arc of the “MeToo”-Movement. (Facade Management /Pity Play or Sympathy Symphony given the scale of the address)

It is therefore worth noting that in August 2016, she retracted her request for a restraining order and dismissed the domestic violence case against Johnny with prejudice, meaning she cannot re-file it. This happened only shortly before Johnny agreed to the previously mentioned 7 million settlement later that same month.

(Why would she speak so passionately about her horrible experiences with domestic violence to the Media but not follow through with her own case against Depp. The reason being that having secured control (from her perspective) through such a significant financial settlement over Depp, she then had no further need to assert that control further and thus retracts the domestic violence case. That in itself does not mean that the withdrawal does not mean the domestic violence did not happen, it demonstrates the hypocrisy of the narcissist by issuing a rallying cry (the Me Too activity which bolsters the Facade and asserts control over Secondary and Tertiary Sources in the Fuel Matrix) but not matching that with personal actions (because the need no longer exists). This evidences Hypocrisy and Compartmentalisation. The narcissist will say one thing and do the other so long as this maintains control and the narcissism prevents the narcissist from “seeing” this hypocrisy. Furthermore, given the evidence presented above it is highly likely that the allegations of domestic violence may have been fabricated or (most likely of all) arose from incidences of “fighting back” and were seized on to Deflect and Blameshift and were also Exaggerated upon.

Temper Tantrums 

Heard had spoken in detail about the abuse she had suffered and cried many tears during her interviews regarding this topic. She received considerable media support which would amount to the provision of fuel and Facade Maintenance.

When one takes a closer look into the court documents regarding this case, a situation presents itself that – based on the evidence provided within them – is quite different from how Heard chose to portray the situation to the media.

Depp has since filed a 50 Million. USD defamation lawsuit because Amber Heard referred to herself as a “public figure representing domestic violence” in an article she wrote for the Washington Post in December 2018. He presented further evidence and new witnesses to support his case.

Heard claimed that Depp showed up late to her birthday party on the 21st of April 2016 and that he was inebriated and high. After the other guests had left the party, Amber claimed the following:

“Johnny and I had a discussion about his absence from my birthday celebration which deteriorated into a bad argument that started with Johnny throwing a magnum size bottle of champagne at the wall and a wine glass on me and the floor – both which shattered.”

Amber went on to explain Johnny grabbed her by the shoulders and pushed her onto the bed, blocking the bedroom door, then grabbing her by the hair and pushing her violently on the floor. After yelling at her for several minutes, he “stormed out of the condominium (…) tossing aside and breaking nearly everything in his path”. (Such behaviour again paints Depp as an abusive individual. However, in light of the points made above with regard to a pattern of behaviour, evidence which contradicts Heard and further evidence below which contradicts her, her behaviour is viewed through the prism of not victim, but abuser and that of the narcissist. Thus her allegations amount to manipulations as either Lies, Twisting of the Truth, Blame Shifting and Deflection.)

Johnny stated in his testimony that Amber was the one to erupt because he had shown up late to her birthday party and that she punched him in the face two times whilst screaming insults at him. (The late arrival wounds the narcissist resulting in a Threat to Control. This causes an Ignition of Fury resulting in Heated Fury through Verbal Violence and Physical Violence.)

Amber was the one who had been drinking and when she became aggressive Johnny defended himself by grabbing Amber’s arms to prevent her from punching him again, telling her to stop. He then pushed her away from him onto the bed and told her he was leaving and that she should not follow him. He left the apartment building and returned the next day to find that Amber had defecated in their bed as a “prank” and then gone off to Coachella with her friends. Johnny provided the court with photographical evidence and Amber did not deny that there had been faeces in the bed but claimed that it was from her Yorkshire Terrier. The housekeeper that had to clean up the poop that morning later stated in her testimony that the poop was “too big to be from their dog”.  (This photographic evidence is independent evidence and supported by witness testimony which contradicts Heard´s version of events (once again). Depp´s retreat from the scene amounts to wounding and therefore Heard must assert control over him. She cannot do so directly as he has absented her presence. She does so by defecating in the bed and gains Thought Fuel from imagining his response to this act and therefore feels she has control once again. Some narcissists would pursue the victim to assert control badgering them, or ring and text the victim, or turn to third parties to complain about the behaviour of the victim in order to seek to assert control. In this instance, Heard did so by defecating in the bed as an act of Provocation.)

In Another’s Arms

Speaking of another instance when Depp had apparently physically assaulted her, Heard claimed that he was yet again drunk and high and suddenly became jealous, claiming that Amber had an affair with her then co-star James Franco. (Provocation, Deflection)

Since then, footage of the apartment buildings elevator has been made public, showing that Heard had Franco over one night. Heard could be seen entering the elevator on May 22nd 2016 about an hour before midnight to go to the garage level. Moments later, she re-entered the elevator with a man now confirmed to be James Franco, he covered his face with the hood of his sweater whilst Heard kept her head low to disguise her face from where she knew the elevator camera to be. Franco rested his head on Heard as the elevator took them up and Heard also leant against him. They left the elevator together on the level where Depp owns all five of the apartments. Given the secretive demeanour of both parties, the late hour at which Franco arrived and the fact that Depp was out of town when Heard invited Franco over, this supports the proposition that Heard was engaging in extra marital activity with Franco. (Devaluation of Depp as Intimate Partner Primary Source, Infidelity, Seduction of Intimate Partner Secondary Source.)

The receptionist also testified to having seen Elon Musk visit Amber several times as well, always when Johnny was out of town. (Further act of Devaluation)

Acts of Violence

Heard wanted Depp to be investigated as to whether he had ever been violent with one of his past partners. It is invariably the case that an abuser is a narcissist and therefore a pattern of abusive/violent behaviour occurs with previous partners because of the way that the narcissist´s ingrained defence mechanisms operate.

Both Depp´s ex-Wife as well as his daughter have publicly spoken out on behalf of him and defended him, confirming that they have never witnessed Depp engaging in violent behaviour.

It is however noteworthy that Amber would make such a specific request, given her own personal history. Amber had been arrested in 2009 for physical violence against her then girlfriend Tasya van Ree. Amber later accused the female cop responsible for her case of misogyny and homophobia, the cop has spoken out about this, noting that she is a lesbian and an LGBTQ activist herself. (Compartmentalisation, Hypocrisy, Ignited Fury, Physical Violence, Blame Shifting, Deflection, Lack of Accountability.)

Sexual Identity

Heard publicly came out at GLAAD’s 25th anniversary event in 2010 but has stated, “I don’t label myself one way or another—I have had successful relationships with men and now a woman. I love who I love; it’s the person that matters.”

Of her decision to come out, she said: “I think when I became aware of my role in the media, I had to ask myself an important question ‘Am I part of the problem?’ And I think that when millions and millions of hard-working, taxpaying Americans are denied their rights and denied their equality you have to ask yourself what are the factors that are an epidemic problem and that’s what this is.”

Heard was in a relationship with photographer Tasya van Ree from 2008 to 2012.

Narcissism manifests in heterosexual, homosexual and bisexual individuals. Evidence of sexual fluidity does not, in itself mean an individual is a narcissist.

Sexual fluidity is however more prevalent in narcissists, owing to a lack of self and the chameleon ability that narcissist have to present whatever “form” enables the assertion of control and gathering of fuel. The narcissist will be whatever he or she needs to be, to ensure control is obtained and maintained, since control and fuel are central to the needs of the narcissist.

Be Careful What You Wish For

Heard sought to obtain Depp’s medical records including any evidence of drug use or drug treatment. Depp has spoken about his dependency on pain killers and struggles to get off of them and had submitted his medical records.

Dr. David Kipper is a specialist in drug and addiction treatments who played an integral role as Heard had hoped to get Dr. Kipper to testify on her behalf about Johnny’s drug use. (Smearing= This attempt backfired as Dr. Kipper has since testified against Heard having witnessed her abusive behaviour towards Depp on multiple occasions. When Depp’s side submitted the medical records required of him, they stated the following:

“And included in the records that will be produced today, if they haven’t been already, are the records of Dr Kipper. Dr Kipper is also a fact witness. We expect him to testify that he saw, he personally witnessed violence between the couple, but the violence was initiated by Ms. Heard. And Mr. Depp did not even respond physically to that violence. He will testify to that as a fact witness. So this is a case of be careful what you wish for.” (Physical Violence, Ignition of Fury, Hypocrisy, Compartmentalisation, Lack of Future Planning.)

It was claimed by several media outlets that the trial was postponed by 6 months (and is therefore to be held on the 3rd of August instead of the 3rd of February) because Johnny failed to meet the deadline to submit them. This is incorrect and may well be an attempt (which has failed) by Heard and her advisers to manipulate public opinion and attack Depp (Smearing and Facade Management).

Heard failed to submit her own medical records thus far. (Sense of Entitlement) Furthermore, the postponing had nothing to do with the submission of medical records at all. Judge Bruce D. White, who resides over the case, noted that not only did Depp provide his medical records on time, but that this was also not the reason the court granted the continuance to begin with. Judge White stated:

“It was granted at the request of both parties because of what were reported to me to be difficulties taking deposition of people taken in California. So I can only suspect that it is someone on the defences’ side that made the press release.”

Amber has spoken passionately about how she was a victim of domestic violence and how she will not be silenced but will speak up about the abuse she had to endure. She has also encouraged other victims to use their voices, which is interesting given that she is now on her 3rd attempt to try and dismiss Johnny’s defamation case against her. She also filed a motion for protective order, attempting to prevent any evidence against her from becoming available to the public. This motion was dismissed.

Amber Heard has now hired Harvey Weinstein’s abuse-specializing lawyer Roberta Kaplan to defend her.

She has also hired Paul Barresi, a former pornstar turned private detective in hopes of digging up any insinuations about Johnny that could be used against him. Barresi takes great pride in his abilities as he has recently been on a podcast stating the following:

“In the life of a celebrity, or anyone else for that matter, if you want to hurt someone, character assassination is the way to go. And the irony is, it isn’t necessary that whatever is said be true. The damage can be done in the mere telling of it.” (Character Assassination, Facade Management, Control Through Court Process, Deflection)

 

Death Threats and Innuendo

In October 2015 on the the US-Show “Overhaulin”, Depp tricked Heard with the help of her father into believing her car had been sold in parts and pieces by a man called David Killackey. A “police officer” reported the situation to Amber, claiming that her father had punched Killackey for selling Heard´s car to which Amber responded:

“And my Dad only hit him once? I don’t blame him. I’ll fucking kill him!”

She proceeded to flip off the man in question who had been standing at a distance. Depp then told her about the prank and surprised her with her re-designed and now glossy cherry red Mustang.

While Mr. Killackey did not actually sell Heard´s car, he was indeed Depp´s mechanic and recounted the events of the show and what followed after in his sworn declaration.

After the show, Mr. Killackey went to the Eastern Columbia building in which Depp owned five penthouses in which he, Amber and by then also several of Heard´s friends lived rent-free (Sense of Entitlement, Grandiosity). Heard had asked him to instruct her on how the newly installed touchscreen in her Mustang worked and how to interface her iPhone with the onboard system. He arrived at the appointed time but Heard was not available, it took her three hours before she came down from the penthouse to the parking garage. (Sense of Entitlement, Lack of Accountability) Mr. Killackey then stated the following:

“After she came down we found the Mustang, she got in the driver´s seat and I the front passenger seat. She seemed to be in a very happy mood. We spent a moment exchanging greetings. She then said something weird: “Ooh here we are alone together in a parked car in a dark parking garage. We could do anything in here and nobody would see us.” (Manipulation through Flirtation, Promised Gain, Boundary Violation)

He did not reply directly to her observation nor did he make eye contact but only responded with “Oookay, let me show you how the sound system works.”

He then showed her the touchscreen display connected to her phone and noticed that her phone was already connected to one contact: Dr. David Kipper. Mr. Killackey was also Dr. Kipper´s mechanic and asked her “Oh do you know Dr. Kipper too?”. He then stated:

“Amber’s response was completely unexpected, she turned to me shockingly icy and said “how the FUCK do you know David Kipper?” I quickly apologized for asking and said it was none of my business and told her Dr. Kipper was a client of mine. The tension in the air was extreme at that point while she gave me the silent treatment then she quickly exited the car while saying: “It’s none of your fucking business.” She walked to the penthouse elevator and I never saw her again.”  (Note the shift from flirtation to aggression – Black and White Thinking, Response to Threat to Control, Provocation, Verbal Aggression, Silent Treatment.)

Mr. Killackey continued to work on Depp´s cars and Heard´s Mustang as well but after Depp split from Heard, he told Mr. Killackey to separate the billing from Heard´s car in approximately June 2016.

Heard´s first reaction after receiving this information was to verbally abuse him over the phone using expletives, threats and a continued rant over what she claimed was an unfortunate financial downturn of her personal finances caused by Johnny. (Threat to Control, Sense of Entitlement, Victim Mentality, Verbal Aggression, Threat.)

She said to Mr. Killackey “you motherfucker, you’re screwing me!”, claimed that there was a legal agreement between her and Johnny that he would pay for her bills but failed to provide said agreement, likely because it does not exist. (Lie, Sense of Entitlement, Verbal Aggression, Need To Assert Control.)

She then went on to abuse Killackey verbally using words such as “Fucker, asshole, motherfucker” and said he was “a dishonourable piece of shit” stating that “Johnny will not pay my rent, he will not pay my bills, fuck him and fuck you!”. (Verbal Aggression)

 

A Mother’s Love

Heard had claimed that one of the first people she confided in when Depp allegedly started physically abusing her, was her mother, since she was someone who was familiar with these kinds of scenarios and would understand.

However, Heard´s Mother is no stranger to her daughter’s wrath herself. After having a short, friendly interaction with a reporter on the red carpet at the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival, Heard was caught on tape rushing towards  her mother in anger and hissing at her to “Never make eye contact. You embarrass me.”, whilst her mother obediently motioned to walk ahead of her, making Amber a way through the crowd. Amber´s comment could be interpreted as concern for her less press-experienced mother. However, Amber´s angry hand motions and baleful glare along with the verbal put-down in public demonstrate an alternative driver. (Lack of Emotional Empathy, Ignited Fury, Provocation, Assertion of Control, Verbal Insult, Grandiosity.)

Neither David nor Paige Heard ever disputed anything Depp stated with regards to not having been abusive to Amber and her having violently assaulted him.

The information above is only part of a mass of information which exists, however from this information one sees evidence through a pattern of repeated behaviour

Based on the information provided, the above means that Amber Heard is A Very Performing Narcissist.

Want more about the dynamic between Heard and Depp?

Depp V Heard – Telephone Analysis

(With thanks to DG for additional research.)

 

 

 

Exit mobile version